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- <text id=94TT0444>
- <title>
- Apr. 18, 1994: The Crucial Early Years
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Apr. 18, 1994 Is It All Over for Smokers?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- HEALTH, Page 68
- The Crucial Early Years
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>A disturbing new report dramatizes the perils facing American
- children under three--and calls for action
- </p>
- <p>By Philip Elmer-Dewitt
- </p>
- <p> Anyone who has raised a child from birth knows firsthand how
- defenseless a newborn baby can be. No other animal is so helpless
- for so long--so dependent on adults for food, shelter, attention,
- instruction and a nurturing environment in which to develop
- and grow. Scientists have learned that babies subjected to repeated
- trauma or stress or left unattended for too long may suffer
- neurological effects that can, in extreme cases, be irreversible.
- But as a society, the U.S. seems to have forgotten the needs
- of its youngest children. Of the 12 million American babies
- and toddlers under age three, a staggering number are at risk
- of harm that could last a lifetime, according to a new report
- by Carnegie Corp. of New York, a major philanthropic foundation.
- Many of the statistics cited were already known, but pulled
- together for the first time, they paint a disturbing picture
- of the plight of America's most vulnerable youngsters:
- </p>
- <p>-- Nine out of every 1,000 U.S. babies die before their first
- birthday--one of the highest infant-mortality rates in the
- industrialized world.
- </p>
- <p>-- About 60% of two-year-olds still haven't had shots against
- the most common childhood diseases.
- </p>
- <p>-- One-fourth of U.S. babies live in families with annual incomes
- under the federal poverty level ($15,000 for a family of four).
- </p>
- <p>-- One in 3 victims of physical abuse is a child less than one
- year old.
- </p>
- <p> Much of the trouble may be related to the breakdown of the traditional
- family. Because of divorces and births out of wedlock (the U.S.
- has one of the highest teenage-pregnancy rates in the world),
- nearly one-quarter of children live with one parent. And by
- choice or necessity, more than half of mothers of infants work
- outside the home, often having to struggle to find and afford
- quality child care.
- </p>
- <p> The Carnegie report has no shortage of recommendations--from
- improved prenatal instruction for expectant mothers to four-month
- paid parental leave for all employees--and Dr. David Hamburg,
- the foundation's president, says he intends to be a "pebble
- in the national shoe" until something gets done.
- </p>
- <p> Originally funded by Andrew Carnegie, the philanthropist whose
- money built 3,000 libraries around the world, the foundation
- has the means and the political connections to press its case.
- Hillary Rodham Clinton worked for Carnegie in the early 1970s,
- and Bill Clinton served on one of its task forces when he was
- Governor of Arkansas. The Administration is already giving lip
- service to the Carnegie study: Hillary Clinton is scheduled
- to be the keynote speaker when its recommendations are unveiled
- at a conference in Washington this week. The question is whether
- the White House will follow up by proposing legislative remedies.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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